Baroque, Rococo, and Neoclassicism Comparison and...

Rococo was an art style that originated in France in the mid-17th century. Rococo itself evolved from the earlier Baroque period, and shared several elements with it. Indeed, Rococo is often referred to as Late Baroque for this reason. Both placed a heavy emphasis on ornate, highly sculpted detail and ornamentation, especially in regards to architecture and sculpture. Likewise both featured artwork rooted in more realistic depictions of people. However, they were also different in several important ways, and reflected changing social attitudes. Where Baroque was rooted in religion and promoted by the Catholic Church as a response to the Protestant Reformation, Rococo flourished during the â€Å"Age of Enlightenment†, a time where†¦show more content†¦Artwork returned to classic moral and ethical themes like heroism, honor, and military duty, and was articulated strongly, with many artworks depicting realistic characters in bold color against dark backgrounds. When considering the differences between the Rococo and Neoclassic styles, it is striking how completely different they are from each other. In the area of architecture, it is easy to see how they diverge when looking at examples of the styles. The Ottobeuren Abbey in Bavaria, Germany is a true embodiment of Rococo with its countless gilded, vapor-like coils of plaster and stone, bright, playful colors, and heavily sculpted dà ©cor. The United States Supreme Court, a familiar study in Neoclassic architecture, is the polar opposite. Someone viewing its stately, symmetrical shape, understated coloration with an emphasis on natural materials like marble, and towering, stately pillars may wonder if it came from the same planet as the abbey in Germany. Artwork, too, was just as divergent. Consider the Rococo masterpiece The Swing, by artist Jean-Honorà © Fragonard. The delicate coiling of the tree branches, the ruffling of the fabric and lace on the subject’s dress, and the play of light and shadow in this painting of a woman on a swing in the forest are all visual hallmarks of the Rococo style. Again, contrast with a Neoclassic masterpiece Oath of the Horatii by Jacques-Louis David. This work, which showsShow MoreRelatedThe Ecstasy Of Sculpture : A Comparison Of Art2008 Words   |  9 PagesThe Ecstasy of Sculpture: A Comparison of Sculpture in Italian Baroque Art Focus Question: To what extent was the Italian Baroque art, specifically Bernini, a support for the Catholic-Counter Reformation compared to The Neoclassical era, not even a century later? A comparison of Bernini’s â€Å"The Throne of Saint Peter† and â€Å"Ecstasy of Saint Teresa†; and Antonio Canova’s â€Å"Amor and Psyche†. Michael Thiessen IBN: 000874-0212 Friday, March 20, 2015 Word Count: 2000 IB Art History─Period 5 Jamie

World War I Weapons and Machines Free Essays

Explain why machine guns could dominate the battlefield in World War 1: Machine guns would change the war because of the fast fire rate, the calibre that can be fired and the distance that the gun can cause fatalities. They were devastating to the opposing side because of the amount of casualties that could be produced, in a far shorter time period due to fire rate and reload time. Machine guns were applied to many things e. We will write a custom essay sample on World War I Weapons and Machines or any similar topic only for you Order Now g. lanes, tanks and trenches they would assist in stopping the advance of soldiers between the frontlines, because of the far shorter reload time in comparison to a rifle or side arm. There were not many flaws but the small amount are quite substantial, for instance the mobility there was either very little or none because of the vast weight, another fault that surfaced quite regularly was the jamming of firing system and reload mechanism. These flaws were soon overcome with the release of LMG (light machine gun) that was far more manoeuvrable, and was less likely to jam it also could reload substantially faster than its predecessor, but had a smaller calibre. The LMG was dominating during the war for the advancing side because of its compact size, and many other features. During an advance a soldier could drop into a trench and fire upon multiple enemies without have to press the trigger numerous times and/or try and fire using a bolt action rifle which was a very slow means of firing. 2 Outline how the role of aircraft changed during World War 1. Any and all aircraft in the World War 1 were initially used for surveillance and /or scouting the landscape but as the war matured as did the aircraft technology and they soon became weaponized into fighter plans that could hold an arsenal of different machine guns, either for firing upon enemy planes or trenches. These fragile planes were also used for bombing enemy positions or dropping supplies 4 Use your own word to define the following terms: Sump: a form of drainage used to remove water into a low lying area. Dugout: a hole dug in the ground that is covered and used as a shelter for soldiers. How to cite World War I Weapons and Machines, Essays

Buffalo free essay sample

â€Å"I want to be in Buffalo when the world ends.† I glance up from the magazine I’ve been flipping through and look at my friend with skepticism. Rolling her eyes as if the reasoning behind her bizarre statement is obvious to everyone except me, she explains, â€Å"Because it’s always ten years behind everywhere else.† For the most part, she’s right. Buffalo is rarely on the cutting edge of anything. When pink was the new black, women in Buffalo were still sporting gray. When Pacific Rim was all the rage, we continued to view the corner takeout as authentic Asian cuisine. Forget Mini Coopers, aren’t Chevy Suburbans still considered classy? Although one might think Buffalonians would have an inferiority complex about our less-than-cosmopolitan image, we actually revel in our provincial ways. We embrace the fact that we are the home of the chicken wing, kazoo, and electric chair, and the city whose football team almost won the Super Bowl four times. We will write a custom essay sample on Buffalo or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We are not ashamed to be the birthplace of America’s most forgettable president, Millard Fillmore, and the host of â€Å"Howdy Doody,† Buffalo Bob Smith. At this point, you might be wondering how any self-respecting person could be proud to live in a city whose major claims to fame are a greasy bird appendage and having snow seven months of the year. In order to understand our pride, you have to realize that Buffalo’s backward nature is what makes it so appealing to those who live here. It doesn’t matter that we’re not avant-garde. Instead, we’ve retained the kind of strong, cohesive community where people look out for each other which doesn’t typically exist in cities. On my street, for instance, neighbors greet each other by name, kids play outside unsupervised, and our street association works together to keep the blockattractive. One street over is the Elmwood Strip, where independently owned shops, restaurants, cafes, and the local library can be found. I never â€Å"walk the strip† without running into at least two people I know. I feel safe, at home, and part of the community. When an October storm dumped three feet of snow on Buffalo, half the city was left without electricity or phone service, and most of our trees were destroyed. Debris was everywhere, many roads were impassable, and schools and businesses were closed for over a week. Adults and children banded together to clear fallen branches, provide meals, and even offer their own homes to those in need. One of my neighbors, who has two infants, was without power or heat, but immediately received a neighbor’s generator, prepared meals, and had her driveway and front walk cleared by neighborhood men within hours. Despite our adversity, or perhaps because of it, Buffalonians are proud of who we are: loyal, generous, compassionate, and resourceful people linked by a common connection to each other. There aren’t many places where an entire community of volunteers pitches in to restore a park system to its original glory or, despite the city’s bankruptcy, privately raises $70 million to renovate a Frank Lloyd Wright masterpiece. Some give anonymously, like small-time vegetable merchant and amateur stock investor Walt Kaminski, who quietly gave away millions and finally revealed his legacy of support by leaving eight million dollars to local charities when he died recently. Others contribute on their own level. My grandfather knew all the panhandlers by name from passing them on his walk to work. Once, he traded his wool coat for a homeless man’s tattered one just to make sure this proud but down-on-his-luck guy had something warm to wear. The last time I went with my dad to see our mechanic, Nelson, I witnessed him refusing payment from a group of stranded Middle Eastern students whose car he had repaired because, he said, â€Å"I know they would do the same for my kids.† Growing up in Buffalo has shaped me in important ways, instilling in me kindness, generosity, resilience, integrity, authenticity, and a strong devotion to community. We Buffalonians may not be at the forefront of fashion, art, music or food, but we’re the kind of people you can depend on. So, the next time you hear the infamous refrain from â€Å"A Chorus Line† that claims â€Å"to commit suicide in Buffalo is redundant,† you can set the record straight.

The Shawshank Redemption

The Shawshank Redemption (1994) is one of the best films ever made as it teaches several important lessons about life. It also teaches a lot about business. The movie tells a story about a successful banker who is accused of murder. He is sentenced to two life imprisonments. He becomes an inmate in the Shawshank prison, where his persistence and wits help him survive and become free.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Shawshank Redemption specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is necessary to note that the prison is a very specific place where the right and the wrong are somewhat distorted. Therefore, entrepreneurship is manifested in a very specific form. Nonetheless, it is still possible to identify at least three archetypal entrepreneurs in the movie. In the first place, this is the protagonist, Andy Dufresne, who is a successful banker. He is a well-educated professional who can make money. He sees a lot of bus iness opportunities in many situations. He assists the chief guard to avoid paying much in taxes. He also develops a business scheme for the warden. Andy can be characterized by such qualities as resourcefulness, persistence and ability to analyze risks. Andy is resourceful as he has loads of ideas. He is persistent as he continues working on his major project, i.e. his escape from the prison. He also can analyze situations properly and he understands which risks should be avoided. Another entrepreneur in the film is the warden, Samuel Norton. Of course, it is necessary to note that only the general idea of entrepreneurship is used. Norton decides to start up a business and take some risks in order to gain profit. His business is illegal since he uses inmates as workforce and gets kickbacks from his clients. Remarkably, Norton can be regarded as an example of a bad entrepreneur. Apart from starting up an illegal business, he has qualities which make him unsuccessful. Norton is able to see business opportunities. Thus, he uses Andy as his tool to make money as Andy generates business ideas. However, Norton is not quick-witted enough. He has to rely on his subordinate. At the same time, he does not understand that he puts too much pressure on the subordinate and forces him to start up his own business. Norton also fails to analyze risks properly. All these factors lead to his total failure. His illegal activity is revealed and he kills himself to avoid imprisonment. One more entrepreneur is Brooks who is a well-educated man who can manage specific operations. He manages the prison’s library and he is able to live quite a good and peaceful life in the prison. Nonetheless, he is absolutely unable to adjust to new circumstances. When he is freed on parole, he cannot start living a new life in the world which has significantly changed. He commits suicide.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper w ith 15% OFF Learn More These three archetypal entrepreneurs can help people to learn more about successful entrepreneurship. Thus, if one has to rely on somebody, it is necessary to be sure that there is loyalty and transparency. It is also important to analyze risks properly. It is essential to adjust to the changing environment as it is vital in the contemporary business world. Finally, it is necessary to be persistent and never give up working on projects. Basically, Andy Dufresne can be regarded as a model entrepreneur who is resourceful, well-educated and persistent. This essay on The Shawshank Redemption was written and submitted by user Johanna Roth to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Why Picassos work is not just inferior or unskilled art

Why Picassos work is not just inferior or unskilled art Pablo Picasso is regarded as one of the greatest painters in the modern day due to the variety that he offered in his paintings. He was a Spanish painter, ceramicist and sculptor. He was further regarded as the father of the 20th century art due to the way that he formatted his paintings to suit the likes of his admirers and fellow painters as a whole. The most notable achievement for the painter perhaps is founding the cubist movements.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Why Picasso’s work is not just inferior or unskilled art specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This meant that he pioneered the invention of constructed sculpture. He also helped in the co-invention of the modern day collage that is widely used in painting and art as a whole. Amongst his greatest, works are the Guernica that portrayed the bombing of Guernica in the period of the Spanish civil war. The presentation focuses on the artist’s maste ry skills mainly focusing on Les Demoiselles d’Avigno painting. Discussion Why Picasso’s work is not just inferior or unskilled art Picasso’s art is not in any way regarded as inferior because he is ranked in the level of Henri Matisse who is regarded as the father of art. He is additionally looked upon in the same breath as Marcel Duchamp and the three of them together are regarded as some of the pioneers of plastic arts. When his arts are studied keenly with a person who has a clear view of a classic art, it shows that the works of the painter are not inferior in any form. His works in printmaking and ceramics are widely used in the contemporary art world to give out a sense of direction in art. The arts of Picasso are also significantly incredible since apart from being knowledgeable he was talented in art, therefore, it was in born (MDC 2). He painted in a reasonable manner since he was a child and this is a point that proves that his work of art is not infe rior. The artist is further universally acknowledged for his works of art and if he can gain global recognition then it means that his works of art are in no way substandard. Why it is a highly significant painting The Les Demoiselles d’Avigno that was originally titled the brothel in Avgnon is a significant painting first because of the way that it has stood the test of time. It was painted in the year 1907 and gained global recognition unto the recent days. The painting depicts five different women who are nude in a brothel in Barcelona. This painting is significant because every figure in the art is depicted in a disconcerting confrontational approach and yet none of them is conventionally womanly. In addition to this, the women in the painting appear to be somehow intimidated and have angular disjointed body physiques. The women are given an animalistic impression by endowing them with masks. This is a beautiful way of depicting them away from the customary way of portray ing a nude woman photo (Rubin, Seckel and Cousins 45). The art also employs primitivism and does not employ the conventional two dimensional flat picture planes.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More He also uses new art of painting in the piece of art as opposed to the conventional European mode of painting. The piece of art is considered influential in the development of the modern day art and the development of cubism. The art also created an admiration for the painter amongst his peers and work associates since the artist had employed new ideas that had not been used earlier in painting. The work that went into the final finishing of the piece of art was also enormous. This is because the artist had employed numerous sketches into realizing the final piece of art. He encompassed the Iberian culture coupled with Spanish art to make the piece of art exemplary. The piece of art is also highly significant since it employs the use of African culture that was unexploited during his period and the art of Oceania that is a famous form of art. It is said that the artist was influenced by a visit that he made to the Musà ©e dEthnographie du Trocadà ©ro where he saw the opportunity of a new style in artistry and used it to accomplish the piece of art. The art also captures the painting styles of Matisse who is additionally a famous painter (Andersen 340). How did it change art in general? Although the style takes much influence from classical painting, it changed the general art world since it incorporated in new ideas that seemed to break out from the conventional renaissance art. This was something never thought of in the period that Picasso lived. Consequently, it brought in the new ideology of painting in the art world. The fruits that are in the back of the picture helped artists figure out how they could mix live paintings that are the women and still life (MDC 3). The painting also has harsh and strong coloring as opposed to the paintings of his era something that as changed the modern perception of art. Conclusion In conclusion, the painting by Picasso is an excellent representation of modern day artistry. It features the artist’s change in mind and his will to break from traditional ways of painting. The art further brings in the new style of creating unfinished art that had not been fully exploited before. The artist further incorporated disturbing images in the picture to bring out the full viewpoint of cubism art. The addition of a local color with influences from African paintings also served as an integral point in the painting. Andersen, Wayne V. Picassos brothel: les demoiselles dAvignon. London: Other Press, LLC, 2002. Print.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Why Picasso’s work is not just inferior or unskilled art specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More mdc.edu. â€Å"Picassos Les Demoiselles dAvignon: Breaking with Tradition.† mdc.edu, 2000. Web. Rubin, William Stanley, Hà ©là ¨ne Seckel and Judith Cousins. Les Demoiselles dAvignon, Issue 3. Michigan: The Museum of Modern Art , 1994. Print.

Appealing to Tradition Fallacy

Appealing to Tradition Fallacy Fallacy Name: Appeal to AgeAlternative Names:argumentum ad antiquitatemAppeal to TraditionAppeal to CustomAppeal to Common PracticeCategory: Appeals to Emotion and Desire Explanation of the Appeal to Age Fallacy The Appeal to Age fallacy goes in the opposite direction from the Appeal to Novelty fallacy by arguing that when something is old, then this somehow enhances the value or truth of the proposition in question. The Latin for Appeal to Age is argumentum ad antiquitatem, and the most common form is: 1. It is old or long-used, so it must better than this new-fangled stuff. People have a strong tendency towards conservatism; that is to say, people have a tendency to preserve practices and habits which seem to work rather than replace them with new ideas. Sometimes this may be due to laziness, and sometimes it may simply be a matter of efficiency. In general, though, its probably a product of evolutionary success because habits which allowed for survival in the past wont be abandoned too quickly or easily in the present. Sticking with something that works isnt a problem; insisting on a certain way of doing things simply because its traditional or old is a problem and, in a logical argument, it is a fallacy. Examples of the Appeal to Age Fallacy One common use of an Appeal to Age fallacy is when trying to justify something which cant be defended on actual merits, like, for example, discrimination or bigotry: 2. Its standard practice to pay men more than women so well continue adhering to the same standards this company has always followed.3. Dog fighting is a sport thats been around for hundreds if not thousands of years. Our ancestors enjoyed it and it has become part of our heritage.4. My mother always put sage in the turkey stuffing so I do it too. While its true that the practices in question have been around for a long time, no reason for continuing these practices are given; instead, its simply assumed that old, traditional practices should be continued. There isnt even any attempt to explain and defend why these practices existed in the first place, and thats important because it might reveal that the circumstances which originally produced these practices have changed enough to warrant dropping those practices. There are quite a few people out there who are under the mistaken impression that the age of an item, and that alone, is indicative of its value and usefulness. Such an attitude is not entirely without warrant. Just as it is true that a new product can provide new benefits, it is also true that something older may have value because it has worked for a long time. It isnt true that we can assume, without further question, that an old object or practice is valuable simply because it is old. Perhaps it has been used a lot because no one has ever known or tried any better. Perhaps new and better replacements are absent because people have accepted a fallacious Appeal to Age. If there are sound, valid arguments in defense of some traditional practice, then they should be offered, and it should be demonstrated that it is, in fact, superior to newer alternatives. Appeal to Age and Religion Its also easy to find fallacious appeals to age in the context of religion. Indeed, it would probably be hard to find a religion which doesnt use the fallacy at least some of the time because its rare to find a religion which doesnt rely heavily on tradition as part of how it enforces various doctrines. Pope Paul VI wrote in 1976 in Response to the Letter of His Grace the Most Reverend Dr. F.D. Coggan, Archbishop of Canterbury, concerning the Ordination of Women to the Priesthood: 5. [The Catholic Church] holds that it is not admissible to ordain women to the priesthood for very fundamental reasons. These reasons include: the example recorded in the Sacred Scriptures of Christ choosing his Apostles only from among men; the constant practice of the Church, which has imitated Christ in choosing only men; and her living teaching authority which has consistently held that the exclusion of women from the priesthood is in accordance with Gods plan for his Church. Three arguments are offered by Pope Paul VI in defense of keeping women out of the priesthood. The first appeals to the Bible and isnt an Appeal to Age fallacy. The second and third are so explicit as fallacies that they could be cited in textbooks: we should keep doing this because its how the church has constantly done it and because what church authority has consistently decreed. Put more formally, his argument is: Premise 1: The constant practice of the Church has been to choose only men as priests.Premise 2: The teaching authority of the Church has consistently held that women should be excluded from the priesthood.Conclusion: Therefore, it is not admissible to ordain women to the priesthood. The argument may not use the words age or tradition, but the use of constant practice and consistently create the same fallacy.

Assignment4 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Assignment4 - Assignment Example This would make operations easier to use and thus manage more processing capabilities fast and easy. However, there exist barriers to building this technology, Quantum computers only run probabilistic algorithms, and the devastating part of classical calculations is that they cannot be accelerated on a quantum computer and the open problem, time. A molecular switch usually has a single molecule which can move controllably between two unwavering states. The trigger that switches the states can be a change in the chemical environment, or even light a change in temperature or an electrical current. They include Crown Ether Switches, Rotaxanes, Photochromic Switches and Nanoparticle Switches. Research has facilitated the production of single-molecule switches by manipulating the state of switchable molecules (Tian, Yang, n.d). The prospects for building a computer that uses this technology will occur when the emphasis of development will have to change to practical applications, to build Nano electronics, Nano processors and high-density data storage. A laser diode is made of a junction between a positive and negative semiconductor forming a p-n junction. There is also a lens to focus the laser beam, and a terminal to collect electricity. These semiconductors are incredibly reduced in size as they are structured in very thin slices of semiconducting material, and with careful engineering to form a perfect p-n unction. Examples a barcode scanner used in grocery stores and even supermarkets. Its advantages in transmitting information through fibre optics are that it, provides light amplification of the information being sent as well as help in providing gain and thus serve as gain media in the fibre optics that are a high output power. Yes, we are moving in the direction stated in the video, in that every information is available on the web use of digital media to

Managing across culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Managing across culture - Essay Example The aspect of culture can also be used towards supervising locally recruited employees. Samovar, Porter & McDaniel (2009) posit to the effect that understanding the mode of communication within a business culture is an asset for proper and peaceful interaction of business people and the locals. In order to excel in business, it is important to have the right cultural facts about the citizens living in a particular society. This helps business to design its strategies so that they are able to absorb the cultural shocks that may emerge in the course of their activities. Cultural shock is a concept which entails that â€Å"any move from one country to another will create a certain amount of confusion, disorientation and emotional upheaval and this is called culture shock,† (Robbins, 1993, p. 78). ... This reflective report will try to provide detailed information regarding hierarchy, gender roles, communication and relationship, greetings, and social interactions in US which can affect a business venture I intend to set in this country. A conclusion based on the findings of secondary research will be given at the end of the report. Business Culture of United States United States is the third largest country in the world and it is one of the best performing economies across the whole world. It borders with Canada, Mexico, pacific, Atlantic oceans, and Caribbean Sea and its population in the year 2007 was estimated to be 301,139,947 (Moran, Harris & Moran, 2010). There are many ethnic groups in the US and it is believed that the whites occupy the largest percentage of about 81.7% while other groups such as black occupy 12.9%, Amerindian and Alaska 1%, Asian 4.2%, and Hawaii and Pacific Islander 0.2% (Moran, Harris & Moran, 2010). Research has shown that United States has a wide ran ge of cultures hence most people who stay in America have their ancestral connections that belong to another culture. In most cases, their ancestral cultures are in Scotland, Germany and Ireland. A comprehensive analysis of cultural diversity has been done by Geert Hofstede who found that national culture has a major impact on employees’ work related values and attitudes (Robbins, 1993). He found that managers and employees vary on five dimensions of national culture namely individualism versus collectivism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, quantity versus quality of life as well as long term orientation. According to studies, rich countries like the US are very

Once More, America, Before I Go Essay Example for Free

Once More, America, Before I Go Essay The explication of poetry demands close reading of a single short poem or several stanzas of a longer work. Its goal is to unearth the hidden meaning/s of the poem by using the poetic techniques and elements employed by the author. Some of these techniques and elements include â€Å"diction, stanza and line structure, meter, rhythm and imagery (â€Å"Poetry Explication,† n. d. ). Walt Whitman’s poem, â€Å"Once More, America, Before I Go,† benefits from the use of explication due to its abstract nature, as it lacks concrete and specific imagery. To offset this problem, an in-depth look at the way Whitman uses rhythm and language will help to expound on the theme of the American democracy, of which he was an outspoken supporter. For Whitman, rhythm and language are intertwined, as the rhythm of the poem is inevitably linked with the type of language used. The work begins with the lines from which the poem takes its title: â€Å"One song, America, before I go / I’d sing, o’er all the rest, with trumpet sound, / For thee—the Future (Whitman, 1872). † This first stanza is notable: it establishes and introduces the readers to Whitman’s radical departure from traditional poetics. Note that the stanza seems like one continuous line, as if it were written in prose. Yet, this prose unit is broken in erratic intervals to form lines and not one continuous sentence. Whitman’s experimentation encapsulates perfectly his view of the democratic American society. This society, he believed, was the best form of society because it allowed for the individual’s self-expression and self-formation. Written as if spoken from his deathbed, as signaled by the first line, he tells American that it is the â€Å"Future. † The first letter of future is capitalized, which indicates it to be a proper noun. As such, future was become synonymous with future, and, at the same time, it implies the American democracy is the future, the mold for everybody to follow. Words such as these pepper the work, as can be seen in succeeding stanzas. In the second stanza, he elaborates on the other things he would do for America before dying: â€Å"I’d sow a seed for thee of endless Nationality; / I’d fashion thy Ensemble, including Body and Soul; / I’d show, away ahead, thy real Union, and how it may be accomplish’d (Whitman, 1872). † Nationality, ensemble, body and soul, and union all have their first letters capitalized. Again, Whitman’s unique use of language here gives the poem a deeper meaning. By using the same technique he used with the word â€Å"future† in the preceding stanza, he again turns these abstract concepts into concrete proper nouns. Furthermore, through such technique, he emphasizes the America will inevitably be the paradigm of all these because of democracy. In the second line, three words are capitalized: ensemble, body, and soul. All of these points to Whitman’s desire to form the perfect citizenry of America. In order to do this, he had to start with perfecting the individual person, a goal that can easily be reached because of democracy. The third stanza is different from the rest of the poem, being set off in parenthesis. It indicates a plan he will only start, but not accomplish, unlike those tasks he mentioned initially: â€Å"(The paths to the House I seek to make, / But leave to those to come, the House itself. ) (Whitman, 1872)† Here, Whitman is broaching on the continuation of time from the past to the future, and the fact that the experiment in democracy will see its final form in the future. He will only blaze the trails, but the final form will be for the future. The poem ends with an assertion of his belief. However, he says that simply believing will not bring results – they must also prepare: â€Å"Belief I sing—and Preparation (Whitman, 1872)† Both must act together to fulfill the goal not only for the present but also for the future: â€Å"Life and Nature are not great with reference to the Present only, / But greater still from what is yet to come, / Out of that formula for Thee I sing (Whitman, 1872). † He believes that the present is already good, as emphasized by the words life, nature, and present having their first letters capitalized. However, he believes that with the coming of future comes the fulfillment of the promise afforded by democracy.

Satire in Oscar Wildes The Importance of Being Earnest Essay -- The I

Satire in Oscar Wilde's The Importance of Being Earnest The Importance of Being Earnest is a comedy of manners, whereby Oscar Wilde uses satire to ridicule marriage, love and the mentality of the Victorian aristocratic society. It can also be referred to as a satiric comedy. What is a satire and what is Oscar Wilde trying to emphasize by employing it in his play? A satiric comedy ridicules political policies or attacks deviations from social order by making ridiculous, the violators of its standards of morals or manners. Usually, a satiric piece doesn't serve only as a form of criticism, but to correct flaws in the characters or to somehow make them better in the end. The pun on the word "Earnest" suggests two things; it stands for the name but also refers to honesty and integrity. It is also known as a `one joke' or a play on words. Though the name is spelt as "Ernest" the reader still recognizes the double meaning of the title. Two of the main characters, Jack and Algernon, strive to be "Ernest" and "Earnest" in the play, yet they both deceive others to escape lives which they grow tired of. They both hope to marry the girls that they love, yet they are starting the relationships base on false pretence and lies. It is ironic that they both call themselves "Ernest," a name that suggests honesty and sincerity, yet they both create stories to escape something or the other. Jack creates a brother called "Ernest" in the city that he uses as a `scape goat' to leave his prim and proper, respectable country life, whereas Algernon creates a friend by the name of "Bunbury" to escape his aunt's high class society parties. He shows his lack of interest in s uch social events when he tells Jack, She will place me next to Mary Far... ... and the stern mask that Lady Bracknell wears slowly turns into a smile. In conclusion, The Importance of Being Earnest strongly focuses on those of the upper class society and the vanity of the aristocrats who place emphasis on trivial matters concerning marriage. Both Algernon and Jack assume the identity of "Ernest" yet ironically, they both are beginning their marital lives based on deception and lies. Lady Bracknell represents the archetypal aristocrat who forces the concept of a marriage based on wealth or status rather than love. Through farce and exaggeration, Wilde satirically reveals the foolish and trivial matters that the upper class society looks upon as being important. As said earlier, a satiric piece usually has a didactic side to it. In this case, Lady Bracknell learns that the same person she was criticising is actually her own flesh and blood. Satire in Oscar Wilde's The Importance of Being Earnest Essay -- The I Satire in Oscar Wilde's The Importance of Being Earnest The Importance of Being Earnest is a comedy of manners, whereby Oscar Wilde uses satire to ridicule marriage, love and the mentality of the Victorian aristocratic society. It can also be referred to as a satiric comedy. What is a satire and what is Oscar Wilde trying to emphasize by employing it in his play? A satiric comedy ridicules political policies or attacks deviations from social order by making ridiculous, the violators of its standards of morals or manners. Usually, a satiric piece doesn't serve only as a form of criticism, but to correct flaws in the characters or to somehow make them better in the end. The pun on the word "Earnest" suggests two things; it stands for the name but also refers to honesty and integrity. It is also known as a `one joke' or a play on words. Though the name is spelt as "Ernest" the reader still recognizes the double meaning of the title. Two of the main characters, Jack and Algernon, strive to be "Ernest" and "Earnest" in the play, yet they both deceive others to escape lives which they grow tired of. They both hope to marry the girls that they love, yet they are starting the relationships base on false pretence and lies. It is ironic that they both call themselves "Ernest," a name that suggests honesty and sincerity, yet they both create stories to escape something or the other. Jack creates a brother called "Ernest" in the city that he uses as a `scape goat' to leave his prim and proper, respectable country life, whereas Algernon creates a friend by the name of "Bunbury" to escape his aunt's high class society parties. He shows his lack of interest in s uch social events when he tells Jack, She will place me next to Mary Far... ... and the stern mask that Lady Bracknell wears slowly turns into a smile. In conclusion, The Importance of Being Earnest strongly focuses on those of the upper class society and the vanity of the aristocrats who place emphasis on trivial matters concerning marriage. Both Algernon and Jack assume the identity of "Ernest" yet ironically, they both are beginning their marital lives based on deception and lies. Lady Bracknell represents the archetypal aristocrat who forces the concept of a marriage based on wealth or status rather than love. Through farce and exaggeration, Wilde satirically reveals the foolish and trivial matters that the upper class society looks upon as being important. As said earlier, a satiric piece usually has a didactic side to it. In this case, Lady Bracknell learns that the same person she was criticising is actually her own flesh and blood.

Political party in france

General Introduction The Parties have become a major player In politics In the late nineteenth century. The functioning of political regimes is deeply committed to the existence of these political parties that did not exist in the eighteenth century and were still embryonic in the early nineteenth century. In the totalitarian, one-party organizing manipulation. This explains the importance of parties in this type of regime.The importance of parties is also true In pluralist democracies because there Is a democratic competition : intention between political parties that compete for the conquest of Institutions and power. As the parties have a monopoly of electoral offer, they effectively control all elected offices, this means that the party has a virtual monopoly on the selection of leaders. For all these reasons, if we want to understand how liberal democracies work, one must understand how a political party works. What is a political party?A political party is an organized associat ion that brings together citizens united by a common Ideology or philosophy, which she seeks fulfillment , with the goal of inquest and exercise of power. This Is an organization In the service of an Idea. The political environment is not the same everywhere. It may give a different country to another characteristic of a locality to another. These characteristics result in particular the diversity of political parties, but also systems of parties that are not uniform. In France, the role of political parties has been enshrined in the Constitution of 1 958 (art. 4), which since 1999 also gives their mission Is to promote equal access for women and men to electoral mandates and elective functions. Law f 11 March 1988 on the financing of political parties said they form and pursue their activities freely, they are endowed with legal personality and can take legal action. ) The French political system can often seem bewildering and difficult to follow. Compared to Britain or the ASSAI, France seems to have a plethora of political parties.Politicians, supposedly of the political right, may be heard defending positions more often held by political parties of the left in many other countries, and In recent French history, a good proportion of the economic liberation's that has taken place In France has been pushed through by governments of the left. ‘-Type of political parties In a country, political parties are not all identical. Several factors can help to distinguish the number and quality of members, voting, discipline or schools of thought.Depending on each element, we will have several types of parties. The most common distinction In political science remains that which Is established by Maurice Diverge between Mass Party and Cadre Party. We must therefore distinguish different types of parties: A- The Cadre Party The Cadre Party was born in the nineteenth century. The Cadre Party it's a parties they are parties of notables (resulting in a first time, the bourgeoisie or aristocracy) and traditionally are right or center. Example: the Radical Party in France.The first parties were historically Cadre Parties. It was Initially parliamentary groups together the reputation, prestige, and sometimes money. All these parties remain poorly structured. The authority is exercised within the party executive is both personal and decentralized. It normally operates at the district and national bodies cadre parties are little more than the Juxtaposition of local influences. B- The Mass Party The Mass Party was born in the early twentieth century with the development of Socialism and Communism.Their goal is the transformation of society and the creation of a new social order. For this, they rely on a structured and hierarchical organization and a large number of members and ensuring financial autonomy and supervision of party voters ; Example: the Socialist Party in France Unlike Cadre Parties, which are created spontaneously, Mass Parties were the result of a conscious . Notable party executives are reluctant to defend extreme positions, specially if they are contrary to their interest.These considerations explain the emergence in the late nineteenth century Mass Parties and the fact that the first of them were socialist parties. Two objectives necessitate the creation of a Mass Party: compensation by the number of low social influence of the proletariat and educational purposes. The operation of the Mass Party rigorously apply democratic principles. Members are similar to the electorate. They elect delegates to the congress who meet regularly and take the most important decisions: adoption and amendment of the statutes, election management bodies.

Anglo Saxon Culture as Reflected in Beowulf

Every culture has its own set of beliefs values and customs. Cultural beliefs, values, and assumptions are directly and indirectly acquired throughout a lifetime. A culture is the sum of a group’s way of life and this is no different with the ancient Anglo Saxon culture. Cultures usually have distinct figures that reflect their culture as a whole. The importance of religion, values, and heroes are reflected a great deal in the epic poem of Beowulf accurately showing the Anglo Saxon culture as a whole. Men dominated the Anglo Saxon society and the people loved a great hero like that of Beowulf. They believed a hero should be a keeper of his promises, be boastful and produce great physical strength. Also Beowulf was an outstanding fighter and loyal to everyone he met. He believed no one was greater than anyone else; Beowulf showed great respect even to his enemies by fighting them one on one (â€Å"Anglo Saxons† 48). Even when Beowulf knows fate is against him and he is going to die; he continues to keep fighting; â€Å"†¦No prince so mild, no man so open to his people, so deserving of praise† (Beowulf 60). Beowulf’s boastful self-confidence, his overpowering strength, and his victories in battle make him a classic legendary hero and a model for the Anglo Saxon culture. A very important element in the society of the Anglo Saxons was the mead hall. The mead hall was essentially a meeting place for dinners, story telling and the party for victories (Bjork 89). The mead hall symbolizes security, fellowship, and all that is good in the world (Bjork 90). The mead hall was thought to be the safest place in the entire Kingdom. In Beowulf the mead hall was described as â€Å"the foremost of halls under heaven† (Orchard 77). This mead hall was called Herot serving as a palace for King Hrothgar. This is where Beowulf dismantled Grendel in an epic battle. Beowulf preferred to fight with his bare hands. The typical Anglo Saxon warrior was not blessed with the great talents Beowulf was blessed with so they used various weapons like: the spear, sword, shield, seaxe, and bow and sling. The spear was the most common weapon of choice and could be used as a missile or used in hand-to-hand combat. The sword was not a common weapon used at all because it was very expensive to produce. The sword was usually given to a great warrior who has demonstrated courageous acts in battle. All warriors had a shield that was made of wood and usually lined together by metal. A seaxe was a single bladed knife that was carried on the belt on the warrior and was used more as a tool than an actual weapon (Beowulf 112-113). Anglo-Saxons valued religion very highly. There is much controversy over Beowulf in dealing with pagan and Christian beliefs because historians believe both were integrated although Christianity seems to be more prevalent. Religion was the center of people’s life at this time and is demonstrated in Beowulf when Beowulf calling for God exclaims †¦ â€Å"the almighty the maker of the earth†. Up until the 6th century it is back and forth between Christianity and Paganism. The greatest sources of information on the pagan period of religion are from the 7th to 8th century testimonies, such as Beowulf (Orchard 25). Paganism dealt with the worshiping of many gods. The celebration of glory has such emphasis in Beowulf because human praise is the highest goal of the pagan characters. Anglo Saxon warriors wore helmets for battle with a pagan god on them named Freyr. Those who grew up praying to Thor to protect them with their shield and helmet before they went to battle were involved in the pagan religion (Orchard 33). Paganism seemed to be the religion of choice for many Anglo- Saxon warriors while Christianity did not evolve as quick in warriors (â€Å"Saxons Culture†). Margaret E. Goldsmith who wrote â€Å"The Christian Theme of Beowulf† exclaimed the teaching of St. Augustine and St.  Gregory are incorporated in Hrothgar’s sermon. Goldsmith said Beowulf was sort of a Christian historical novel, with selected bits of paganism purposely laid on as â€Å"local color† such as the references to fate or Wyrd (Bloom 127). All considered Beowulf shows religion, expresses values of everyday life and explains what a true hero in all about in Anglo Saxon times. The Anglo Saxons express their cultures through wonderful literature such as Beowulf, which is a record of heroic deeds. The Anglo Saxon society believes in great men such as Beowulf that have good morals and exemplify devotion to their country. Beowulf derives its main plot from folk tales; and as W. P. Ker has said, â€Å" it is difficult to give individuality or epic dignity to commonplaces of this sort (Bloom 14). The author of Beowulf recognized the obligation of giving his hero emotional and ethical value through association with events the Anglo Saxon people would recognize as hero-like. It was not enough that Beowulf should display unequaled strength and courage in his victories over gargantuan monsters but the value of these exploits must be enhanced by Beowulf’s deep and emotionally justified concern for those he fought (Bloom 14). The physical power of Beowulf does not give him the moral dimensions and the title of an epic hero. The loyalty and unselfishness Beowulf displays makes him the ultimate Anglo Saxon hero and the great epic of Beowulf will never be forgotten because there is no greater idol than Beowulf.

Genetic Engineering

Genetic Engineering Free Online Research Papers Genetic engineering allows scientists to create plants, animals, and other organisms by manipulating their genes in an unnatural manner. Thorough research shows that genetic engineering is a very risky process. While this technique â€Å"increases our understanding of nature and can provide new medical tools†, scientists’ understanding of genetics is limited, and they don’t know the long-term affects it will have on people and the environment (Greenpeace). Genetic engineering is unnatural, unpredictable, and can have a very harmful impact on society with the alteration of life-forms. There are many serious dangers that genetic manipulation presents, I will discuss its weaknesses, health, and environmental hazards. Our civilization as a whole is affected by genetic engineering. It questions our ethics and morals towards other life forms, and allows the use of biological warfare, and tests religious beliefs. Genetic engineers have very imprecise technology. When they move genes from one organism to another, a gene can be precisely cut from the DNA of an organism; however, inserting the gene into the target’s DNA is done at random. This runs the risk of disrupting the functions of other genes that are essential to the life of that organism (Mothers for Natural Law). The understanding of living systems is too limited to perform DNA surgery without causing mutations that can be harmful to the environment and peoples’ health. One way that genetic engineers profit is by patenting genetically engineered seeds. Farmers using genetically engineered seeds in their crops, which have identical genetic structure, can have widespread crop failure if a fungus, virus, or pest develops and attacks the crop. â€Å"These genetically engineered seeds can be carried by insects, birds, and the wind into other fields, and elsewhere. The pollen from genetically engineered plants can cross-pollinate with natural crops and other wild plants. This means that all crops are vulnerable to contamination from cross-pollination† (Mothers for Natural Law). Is a threat to our entire food supply and biodiversity not also a threat to our survival and future evolution? No one knows if genetically engineered foods are safe without long-term safety testing, which can’t be done because any new genetic material created has never existed. â€Å"Genetic engineering can cause unexpected mutations in an organism, which can create new and higher levels of toxins in foods† (Mothers for Natural Law). It can also produce unknown allergens in foods. Many foods can be misleading to consumers by looking fresh and healthy from genetic engineering, but are actually old and have very little nutritional value left. For example, a shiny, perfectly round apple in a store could really be eight weeks old and you could never tell the difference. Scientists use genes in our crops that are resistant to antibiotics. Therefore, genetically engineered crops carry genes that can be picked up by bacteria, making the bacteria antibiotic resistant (Mothers for Natural Law). These bacteria can infect whoever ingests it, with no cure. Farmers hope to grow crops in the future â€Å"containing their own fungicides and pesticides, substances made inside the cells of each plant instead of being absorbed artificially through spraying† (Dixon). These substances would have to be non-toxic to humans, and be prevented from leaving the sap into the harvested seed, which could be very risky. There could be many side-effects to eating food from crops â€Å"programmed to fill themselves with home-made poisons† (Dixon). Consumers have the right to be protected from the dangers of genetically engineered food. In many countries, including the United States, food manufacturers and corporations are failing to inform the public about genetically engineered ingredients in their products. â€Å"Information about a product would enable and assist consumers who would want to take a precautionary approach in their food choices† (Greenpeace). Public health agencies can’t trace any problems back to their source without proper food labels, so if anyone gets sick from a genetically engineered food or bacteria, it’s extremely difficult to find and recall it. In some countries, supermarkets have cleared genetically engineered foods from their shelves, and some global food companies have removed genetically engineered ingredients from their products. â€Å"In addition, some leading pig and poultry producers have promised not to supply animals with genetically engineered feed† (Greenpeace) . â€Å"It is vitally important that the potential and also the limitations of genetic engineering be made accessible to a wide public† (Mckelvey). Commercial interests have denied most people the choice to avoid genetically engineered foods. It’s estimated that the amount of herbicide use will increase, while scientists make genetically engineered plants herbicide-resistant, which should make its use more abundant. Also, genetically engineered crops manufacture their own pesticides. This puts more pesticides into our food and crops than ever (Mothers for Natural Law). A genetically engineered organism may compete with wild relatives, which â€Å"causes unforeseen changes in the environment† (Mothers for Natural Law). Local ecology will then be left damaged. It’s impossible to contain gene pollution once â€Å"genetically engineered organisms, bacteria, and viruses are released into the environment† (Mothers for Natural Law). The integrity of our environment is too crucial to our survival to be put at such a risk. Genetically engineered organisms shouldn’t be released into the food chain or the environment until their effects can be reliably predicted (Greenpeace). â€Å"There are three types of â€Å"modern† genetic engineering used on animals† (The Virtual High School). The first one is called xenografting, which uses human DNA in animals, and vice versa. In most cases, humans have been given animal tissue and valves. Scientists were successful in giving humans pig hearts and valves, but weren’t sure why or how it worked. Attempts will be made to also have pigs grow human hearts with human DNA. Cloning animals has been successful in some cases. It has a â€Å"great potential as a money making industry and also in producing genetically identical animals for testing† (The Virtual High School). Cloning is done by inserting DNA from one animal into the fetus of the same species with a vector that is supposed to replace the embryo’s DNA with the new. The new DNA can be rejected by the fetus, making them very susceptible to mutations and miscarriages. It is very likely that cloned animals will remain infertile. Th ere are many downfalls and failed attempts that result from cloning animals. Gene manipulation has had good and bad results in changing animals’ DNA. There has been success with one pig being engineered to â€Å"produce human insulin that can be used to treat diabetes† (The Virtual High School). Scientists are making certain pigs viable for heart and valve transplants in humans. However, major problems with these manipulations lie in the vast differences between animals and humans. â€Å"Even once pig hearts can be used in humans they will still have a different circulatory system and life expectancy to contend with among other problems† (The Virtual High School). Genetic engineering has no morality and complete disrespect towards its victims. Animals are sentient beings. Their well-being is very important to the environment and our future. â€Å"The human food supply is already inundated with excesses of animal products so it is difficult to justify the suffering involved in the genetic engineering of animals by touting an increase in animal production† (HSUS). Production limits on most farms are already at their peak. Increasing animal production through genetic engineering results â€Å"in widespread pain and suffering for farm animals. Genetically engineered animals are as sensitive to physical and psychological suffering as are other animals† (HSUS). There are few survivors of genetic engineering, while most genetically engineered animals die as embryos, or from behavior problems and pain. â€Å"What can be done with genetic engineering far surpasses what researchers can know and predict† (HSUS). The failures have out weighed the benefits in the genetic engineering of innocent animals. How does genetic engineering surpass hundreds of years of selective breeding, where animals were unharmed in the process of choosing desired characteristics? Genetic engineers have begun to modify human genes. Their three approaches include cloning, somatic cell manipulation, and human germ-line manipulation. â€Å"Cloning uses the DNA of an existing individual to create a new individual† (Massey). Humans haven’t been cloned yet, but it’s being attempted. The two different types of cloning are â€Å"embryo cloning,† which could create new human parts for replacements of failed body parts, and â€Å"reproductive cloning,† which would produce a complete new person as a genetic copy of another (Massey). Their only difference would be the experiences and environment that the clone grows up with. â€Å"In the U.S., federal funds cannot be used for reproductive cloning, but there is no federal law against it† (Massey). Somatic cell manipulation is also called â€Å"gene therapy†.†Somatic cells do not pass DNA to the next generation† (Massey). Manipulation of these cells adds genes to existing cells in part of the human body. The effects of this process can be lethal. â€Å"In one case, a teenager died after researchers at the University of Pennsylvania tried to introduce genes into his liver cells, using a modified virus to carry the genes to their destination. Evidence suggests that the virus invaded many organs and triggered a severe immune reaction† (Massey). The FDA (Food and Drug Administration) says that this process has the threat of changing or disrupting the functions of existing DNA, and also â€Å"introduces foreign genes into the patient’s sperm or egg cells† (Massey). This may change the genetic information passed to the child from the parent. Out of all trials made, most failed, and all of the patients involved were never cured. Germline manipulation changes germ cells that will be inherited by successive generations. This idea is to design people of the future. The changes to inheritable characteristics passed on to next generations would be permanent. The â€Å"aim to improve future generations of human beings† is unnecessary because it can’t relieve any sicknesses in an existing person, and other measures to produce a healthier child can be taken, for example, using donated sperm or eggs (Massey). Eugenics is unethical because no one has the right to change a person’s DNA to make them more superior, without their consent, and also who is going to judge whether or not a person has undesirable traits? There is a new and extremely deadly threat to be afraid of that could kill and infect millions of people. â€Å"Biological warfare involves the use of living organisms for military purposes† (Rifkin). The tools and materials needed to create biological warfare agents are easily accessible and cheap. â€Å"The new genomic information being discovered and used for commercial genetic engineering in fields of agriculture, animal husbandry, and medicine is potentially convertible to the development of a wide range of novel pathogens that can attack plant, animal, and human populations† (Rifkin). The ability to design and mass-produce these weapons isn’t difficult to gain. Graduate students in laboratories everywhere have the capabilities, which is very alarming. Most biological pathogens can develop feasible niches and live indefinitely in the environment that they are released into. This technology was hardly used because of the danger it poses and high cost of mater ials, however, â€Å"advances in genetic engineering technologies over the past decade, have made biological warfare viable for the first time† (Rifkin). These â€Å"designer weapons† can be created in various ways, programming genes to become micro-organisms that infect with higher antibiotic resistance and environmental stability. â€Å"Scientists say they may be able to clone selective toxins to eliminate specific racial or ethnic groups whose genotypic makeup predisposes them to certain disease patterns. Genetic engineering can also be used to destroy specific strains or species of agricultural plants or domestic animals† (Rifkin). Therefore, no one is safe. Whole populations can be targeted by this weaponry, from terrorism to various military purposes. Biological warfare is claimed by governments to be used only as a defense tactic towards nature because that is all that is allowed in the existing treaty. â€Å"Yet it is widely acknowledged that it is virtually impossible to distinguish between defensive and offensive research in the field† (Rifkin). Any laboratory, no matter how secure and contained it is, isn’t failsafe. Security breaches and natural disasters are always possible, as well as terrorists turning to biological warfare. Biotech companies want to limit protocols and enforced provisions to protect their trade secrets and commercial information. Negotiators must overlook these companies’ commercial desires and look out for the welfare of the people (Rifkin). Everyone is at risk of an attack by these new destructive and easily accessible weapons. Researchers from Europe and America have made the most biotechnology progress. Religion and God have made the morality of genetic engineering a serious question. Many geneticists move to Asia because they have fewer restrictions and new labs to work with. There, they have â€Å"a different view of divinity and the afterlife. Therapeutic cloning in particular jibes well with the Buddhist and Hindu ideas of reincarnation† (Tierney). China, India, Singapore, and other Eastern countries support embryo cloning for medical research and genetically engineered crops. Europe doesn’t accept genetically engineered crops, but cloning is supported in England and other countries. However, it is banned in many including France and Germany. North and South America use genetically engineered crops but ban cloning research. Christians and many Eastern religions are divided among their beliefs and issues with genetic engineering. â€Å"Traditional Christians† believe it is wrong to clone human embryos and harm them during research. On the other hand, they don’t worry too much about genetically engineering animals and plants because they are considered â€Å"lower† than humans (Tierney). Some â€Å"New Age Thinkers† (post-Christians), believe that the natural world shouldn’t be tampered with. Environmental activists and some conservatives campaigned to ban embryo cloning. â€Å"A Green Party leader in Germany, Vocker Beck, referred to cloned embryonic stem-cell research as â€Å"veiled cannibalism† (Tierney). However, many critics of genetic engineering don’t use their religious beliefs to oppose it, many â€Å"focus on the possible dangers to ecosystems and human health† (Tierney). Some leading opponents of cloning say they are defending â€Å"hum an dignity†, not religion. If scientists figured out how to use stem-cell research to treat diseases, then it’s likely that people will accept it in the future. Cloning is hardly supported by the public, and many scientists don’t wish to pursue it because of the danger it would pose for the child (Tierney). â€Å"Even if human cloning becomes safe, it may never have much demand because most people will prefer having children the old-fashioned way† (Tierney). The battle between the natural world and the scientific world will mold our society for the future. Our natural environment has brought our people so far, does it not fulfill its purpose anymore, to the point where it must be tampered with? Genetic scientists are altering life itself. Our environment has become a huge experiment that poses irreversible effects. Everything that lives on this earth is needed to continue our evolution, but it is all being put in danger from genetic engineering. Our ethical limits are being tested, where do we draw the line? Different beliefs and peoples’ motives make these decisions very difficult to litigate. Keeping the entire world more informed on experiments and their outcomes from genetic engineering would help everyone figure out where they stand on the subject, whether they agree or disagree with it. People need to consider if the lives’ being tested and mutated in the process are worth being jeopardized. Research thus far has proved that genetic engineering has had no advantages towards the way we live our lives now. Dixon, Dr. Patrick. Genetic Revolution. Dixon, Dr. Patrick. Genetic Revolution. Kingsway, 1995. Greenpeace. www.greenpeace.org. 25 April 2003. HSUS. www.hsus.org/pets. Massey, Rachel. www.sfsu.edu. 15 March 2001. www.sfsu.edu. Mckelvey, Maureen D. Evolutionary Innovations: The Business of Biotechnology. Mckelvey, Maureen D. Evolutionary Innovations: The Business of Biotechnology. Oxford University Press, 2000. 76. Mothers for Natural Law. www.safe-food.org. Rifkin, Jeremy. www.sfsu.edu. 27 September 2001. www.sfsu.edu. The Virtual High School. www.govhs.org. www.govhs.org. Tierney, John. www.nytimes.com. 20 November 2007. www.nytimes.com. Research Papers on Genetic EngineeringBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfOpen Architechture a white paperStandardized TestingRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanLifes What IfsEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductThe Project Managment Office SystemPETSTEL analysis of India

An Analysis of the Prohibition in the Great Gatsby, a Novel by F. Scott Fitzgerald

An Analysis of the Prohibition in the Great Gatsby, a Novel by F. Scott Fitzgerald Prohibition in the Great Gatsby symbolizes the resistance of the American people. F. Scott Fitzgerald gives the readers an inside look to the 1920’s. The Great Gatsby is brimming with the resistance of the alcohol bans set in place by the U.S. government. The Prohibition was set into action on January 16, 1920. No one could no longer in the U.S. manufacture, import, export, or sale alcoholic beverages(The Roaring 20s). The government was pressured into the new amendment because of many movements such as the Women’s Christian Temperance Union. The WCTU was largely concerned with the protection of the family. The union saw drinking by men a threat to wives and children. Drinking was also saw as sinful by many Protestant churches(Women Leaders of Temperance). It was groups and movements like these that undoubtedly wanted to prohibit alcohol. Although it seemed like a good concept it was tough for many to accept and even harder to execute. After the Prohibition Act came the Volstead Act ensued. This outlawed even beverages containing as little as 0.5% alcohol. Included in this was beer and wine. Many Americans thought that only hard liquor would be banned, the addition of drinks like beer and wine caused many to abandon the Prohibition Act (Prohibition). Early America wasn’t the dryest of countries. Everyone drank alcohol in some shape and form no matter the age (The Bootlegging Business). Many Americans opposed the Prohibition Act, so they found the means to get what they wanted. Underground establishments soon became a large business and a great opportunity to make some money. The most popular name for these establishments were speakeasies. The name came about because you would have to â€Å"speak easy† or quietly about it in public or around police (The Roaring 20s. While in a speakeasy patrons drank the hard liquor out of tea cups so that if a raid were to happen, they would be safe. Illegal drinking became the hit of the season. Soon gangster-owned speakeasies replaced neighborhood saloons and by 1925 they were about ten thousand speakeasies in New York (The Riverwalk Jazz). Hard liquor was very hard to buy, now that it was illegal it became very expensive. Those who could not afford it simply made their own often in bathtubs. Bathtub gin as it was called, was not always safe and was responsible for causing blindness and even death. People who had no idea what they were doing were often the ones making it. Drinking bathtub gin put drinkers at risk of consuming unsafe concentrations of wood or denatured alcohol (Prohibition). Gangsters realised that their was big money behind selling hard liquor. Not even an hour after the Prohibition Act was set in place six armed men had been found trying to rob train in Chicago of medicinal whiskey (How Prohibition Backfired). One gangster bought a group of pharmacists in the Midwest so that he was able to legally obtain alcohol and then hijack his trucks and take the alcohol for illegal uses. Alcohol used for industrial reasons was turned onto moonshine easily by bootleggers.In many large cities it wasn’t unusual for hardware stores to sell copper still and other ingredients to make alcohol (Prohibition and Why It Failed). The biggest gangster of them all was Al Capone. He made a name for himself by running a multi- million dollar operation. He smuggled illegal alcohol into Chicago. He was also known for being incredibly violent with his rival gangs (The Roaring 20s). In two years, Capone was earning around sixty million a year from alcohol sales alone. Capone was able to bribe the police and important politicians of Chicago, overall it cost him seventy five million dollars to keep them in line but he considered it a good investment. The mayor of Chicago in 1927 was one of Capone’s men, Big Bill Thompson (Prohibition and the Gangsters). Prohibition was never enforceable. Moderate drinking for Americans just simply wasn’t viewed as sinful (Prohibition). The Prohibition proved to be worthless and only lowed the regard for the government and law. In 1933, the eighteenth amendment was repealed, although many states kept the idea (The Roaring 20s). Many scholars have concluded that the Prohibition did more damage rather than help the communities. The greatest failure of the Prohibition was that it led to growth in organised crime. It also failed because ordinary citizens were willing to break the law. Corruption was rife among the police as well as those who were charged with enforcing the Prohibition(Prohibition and Why It Failed). Gatsby was known to have these crazy parties where people got drunk. Meaning he was able to get his hands on alcohol illegally. â€Å"He and this Wolfsheim bought up a lot of side- street drug stores here and in Chicago and sold grain alcohol over the counter†. Gatsby did something very similar to an gangster in new York that bought the pharmacies. Gatsby then used the alcohol at his gigantic parties (The Great Gatsby). Symbolized in the Great Gatsby was the Prohibition. Gatsby had large parties were many people would get wildly drunk. Fitzgerald gave his readers an inside look into his life. The roaring 20s. The Great Gatsby is filled with resistance from many American people that once supported the Prohibition Act.

Ethnic Diversity at Workplace Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Ethnic Diversity at Workplace - Research Paper Example Notably, the term ‘relational demography’ is often defined as the individual’s demographic similarity or dissimilarity observable in comparison to other members of the organization. It is in this context that the distribution of co-ethnic workers could have implications for the well-being of African American or Latino individuals. As stated by Kanter (1977), on the lower extreme of this distribution, one finds tokenism, a segregated work environment in which the minority group comprises less than 15% of the working group. These minority members would represent a â€Å"critical mass,† possibly reaching equal representation relative to the culturally dominant group (Henderson, 1998). The recent phenomenon depicts that the growing attention towards diverse population research has been increasing constantly and rapidly since the past few decades. However, guided by a philosophical and social point of view, insignificant number of diversity research focuses on t he impacts of workplace racial as well as ethnic diversity at workplace. With the passing time, diversity concerns have deepened instead of fading away as intended with the implementation of anti-discriminatory policies and various other equal opportunity initiatives. Simultaneously, complexities have also increased by a significant extent in relation to diversity, especially within an enclosed and structured workplace setting. It is in this context that there are a few significant factors relating to ethnic diversity such as the biological sex concept, which is the only defining characteristic between a male and a female populace within the modern day workplace setting. Some feminist researchers recognized the essence of evaluating the distinction as well as historical and cultural features within women populaces in workplace setting categorizing them as a proportion of diverse population (Shore, Chung-Herrera, Dean, Ehrhart, Jung, Randel & Singh, 2009). Personal reflection There a re many reasons behind choosing the diverse population at work place for performing this particular study. The underpinned philosophical context behind this study depicts that for the purpose of developing the public policy it is essential to recognize that workplace diversity is a critical variable to develop a stable, sound as well as progressive society. The significance of managing diverse workforce has been rapidly increasing since past few years owing to the diversification as well as the international expansion of the organizational boundaries. It is fundamentally due to this reason that a large variety of populace who differ in terms of gender, ethnicity, color and even race tends to be employed in a specific workplace setting. Simultaneously, with the increasing influence of globalization, customers groups are also emerging as widely diverse, which further increases the necessity of studying the issue of workplace diversity, especially in terms of ethnicity (Gandz, 2001). I t is in this context that diversity at workplace is increasingly being considered as an essential factor which can assist to interpret into product as well as services which are effectively and efficiently provided by the organization. Consequently, many organizations have been realizing the need of providing better services to diverse customers

Biometrics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Biometrics - Research Paper Example Biometrics recognition is, therefore, the automatic recognition of users based on behavioral and physiological characteristics. Biometrics seeks to establish a users identity based on who she is rather what she possesses like an ID card or what she remembers like passwords. Biometrics gained popularity when body measurements were used by Alphonse Bertillon to identify criminals in the 19th century. It prompted law enforcer to take criminals fingerprints and store them in a database. The stored fingerprints could then be compared with fingerprints lifted from crime scenes. Biometrics are extensively used to identify criminals but has also gained use in employee clearance for sensitive jobs, determining fatherhood, forensics, identification of prisoners. Performance – refers to the achievable recognition speed and accuracy, the resources to be used in achieving the desired recognition accuracy and speed and the environmental and operational factors that affect the accuracy and speed. Different body parts are being used as a form of biometric recognition. Biometrics ranges from DNA matching, chemical biometric, visual biometric, eyes biometrics ( iris recognition, retina recognition ), finger geometry recognition, Hand geometry recognition, signature recognition and behavioral biometrics (typing recognition), vein recognition and gait. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) matching is the process used in the identification of persons by their DNA profiles. DNA profiles are hidden sets of numbers that reflect an individuals DNA composition, which can also be used as a persons identifier. DNA profiling is different from a full genome sequencing that is used in parental testing and criminal investigation. Even though 99.9% of human DNA sequences are similar in every person, unless they are identical (monozygotic) twins. DNA matching uses repetitive sequences that are highly variable, known as variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs), particularly

Graphic design is the branch of visual art Essay

Graphic design is the branch of visual art - Essay Example By effectiveness, we mean how much power a design has to motivate people or help them identify a company. For example, where a one or two letter sign may be effective in identifying a company such as BP, it is not effective for another company simply identified as B. Plus; presentation of an idea does not necessarily mean it was communicated accurately. A scribbled "keep off grass" sign is not as effective as a neatly designed "keep off grass" sign with an appropriately designed logo. Also, just because a sign communicates effectively does not mean what it communicates is good. Governments have become masters at influencing citizens with graphic design by communicating messages sometimes to support darkly political objectives. Graphic design is the branch of visual art dedicated to communicating messages. It is most used in marketing and brand recognition strategies. Having watch and listened to a video of a talk about design given by David Carson, I walk away with certain understandings about graphic design.

The Idea Of The Movement Magic Realism Film Studies Essay

The Idea Of The Movement Magic Realism Film Studies Essay Magic Realism is a literary movement. It is associated with a style of writing or a technique that incorporates magical or supernatural (fantasy) events into a realistic event without questioning the unlikelihood of these events taking place together. Magic Realism is best described as literature and art combined. This combination of fantasy and fact is there to question the nature of reality. Magic realism made lived experiences appear extraordinary. By creating this feeling, the magical realist writers have all contributed to a re-envisioning of the Latin American culture as a vibrant and complex one. Magic Realism is a movement that has been misunderstood for many years by many people. It still remains a vague term today though. A large part of the problem of this movement being misunderstood is related to applying the term, Magic Realism, to different art forms and in different periods. Magic realism is applied to two main movements, art and literature, and has recently been applied to works in cinema. The term Magic Realism was applied to paintings from the early 1920s through to the end of the 1950s. Magic Realism is realism that incorporates mysterious or fantastic elements but it still portrays everyday life. The time period of the 1960s was when Magic Realism was applied to literature. At first Magic Realism was only used in reference to works of Latin American writers, such as Gabriel Garcia Marquez, Miguel Angel Asturias, Isabel Allende and Jorge Luis Borges. The usage of Magic Realism has recently been expanded to include works of different origins and works of earlier periods. These include those of Ernst Juenger, Mikhail Bulgakov and Salman Rushie. Most of this literature features considerable amounts of fantasy therefore it is a different type of Magic Realism to the one that had been established in art in the 1920s. Recently some writers of this movement have expanded Magic Realism to apply to Motion Pictures. Examples of these works are films like American Beauty, Big Fish, Chocolat, The Red Violin, and Whale Rider. It is a lot easier in cinema to develop the difficult and complicated combination of realism and fantasy that together makes up the foundation of effective Magic Realism. Magic realism is starting to develop an interest today that it had never commanded during the movements first half of the 20th century. Different sets of standards are used today to define Magic Realism in literature; this is causing confusion about what criteria is applied to contemporary work. The counter movement to Magic Realism came to be known as the Return to Order or the Call of Order. The default approach of Magic Realism is to focus on the coexistence of the real and fantasy on equal terms. The power of Magic Realism has often been assumed to lie to the viewer in the way that the differences between these incompatible elements are erased/not shown. One should always remember that Magic Realism cannot be seen as Science Fiction. Magic Realism is everyday life and it is all around us, all the time. Magic realism has changed the way that people think. Magic Realism brings a spark of life to the imagination instead of people seeing the boring and ordinary, and this then in turn brings excitement to the minds of the reader or the viewer. Magic realism has touched on almost every facet of life, from art to television. There is not one thing that is missing Magic Realism within it. If a viewer can look at an art work and see that there is more than just a picture of an inanimate object in the art work then they have finally grasped the concept of, and are able to appreciate Magic Realism. Some sub topics of Magic Realism are those of literature, fashion, advertising and cinema. Magic Realism is NOT Science Fiction, but, Fantasy and science fiction are alike in the sense that both require the creation of a completely new world. When it comes to advertising, fantasy is great for entertainment but fantasy is not however always so great when it comes to trying to sell a product or service. When it comes to selling a product, there needs to be an element that hooks us to reality. It helps for advertising when a detail is added that can easily be imagined by the listener, viewer or reader. Magic Realism works in advertising for exciting the imagination of the viewer, listener or reader, but there should be an attachment or hook to reality to keep things realistic. Magic Realism is all about fantasy meeting reality. When it comes to racial and gender ideologies, one does not have to worry about any of these ideologies within Magic Realism. Magic realism is about fantasy, there is not discrimination or rights or wrongs. There are no gender or racial ideologies used in any form or sub topic of magic realism. Women and men are equal in these works and all races are equal. Magic realism has no race and no gender; it is about fantasy meeting reality. Magic Realism creates the perfect fantasy world that we would all love to live in. Magic Realism is the key to the decline of racial and gender ideologies. Through the combination of fantasy events with realism it allows for the study of alternate perceptions of the world, offering different views of history and identity, and also giving voice to cultural minorities. People view the world differently; they see a fantasy that has been made up. Magic realism allows people to express what they really feel and what they imagine a world to be like.

Origin of Paper :: Essays

The word paper comes from the Greek term for the ancient Egyptian writing material called papyrus, which was formed from beaten strips of papyrus plants. Papyrus was produced as early as 3000 BC in Egypt, and sold to ancient Greece and Rome. The establishment of Great library at Alexandria put a drain on the supply of Papyrus, so According to the Roman Varro, Pliny's Natural History records (xiii.21), parchment was invented under the patronage of Eumenes of Pergamum, to build his rival libray at Permagum. parchment or vellum, made of processed sheepskin or calfskin, replaced papyrus, as the papyrus plant requires subtropical conditions to grow. In China, documents were ordinarily written on bone or bamboo, making them very heavy and awkward to transport. Silk was sometimes used, but was normally too expensive to consider. Indeed, most of the above materials were rare and costly. While the Chinese court official Cai Lun is widely regarded to have first described the modern method of papermaking (inspired from wasps and bees) from wood pulp in AD 105, the 2006 discovery of specimens bearing written characters in north-west China's Gansu province suggest that paper was in use by the ancient Chinese military more than 100 years before Cai in 8 BCE [1]. Archà ¦ologically however, true paper without writing has been excavated in China dating from the 2nd-century BCE. In America, archaeological evidence indicates that paper was invented by the Mayas no later than the 5th century AD.[1] Called Amatl, it was in widespread use among Mesoamerican cultures until the Spanish conquest. In small quantities, traditional Maya papermaking techniques are still practiced today. Paper is considered to be one of the Four Great Inventions of Ancient China. It spread slowly outside of China; other East Asian cultures, even after seeing paper, could not figure out how to make it themselves. Instruction in the manufacturing process was required, and the Chinese were reluctant to share their secrets. The paper was thin and translucent, not like modern western paper, and thus only written on one side. Books were invented in India, of Palm leaves (where we derive the name leaf for a sheet of a book). The technology was first transferred to Korea in 604 and then imported to Japan by a Buddhist priest, Dam Jing (曇å ¾ ´) from Goguryeo, around 610, where fibres (called bast) from the mulberry tree were used. After further commercial trading and the defeat of the Chinese in the Battle of Talas, the invention spread to the Middle East, Production was started in Baghdad, where the arabs invented a method to make a thicker sheet of paper.

Failure and Life Essay

Everyone wants to learn the secrets of being successful in life. There are many people who have achieved success in this world. Success doesn’t come to those who wait†¦.. And it doesn’t wait for anyone to come to it. Most successful men have not achieved their destination by having some new talent or opportunity presented to them. They have developed the opportunity that was at hand. The difference between failure and success is dong things nearly right and doing a thing exactly right. Nobody is born a success, they create it. Knowing the secrets of success and correctly implementing them will certainly help one to achieve success in life. â€Å"Why, all men strive and who succeeds?† asks Browning. Every man wants to have success in life, but few are able to achieve it. Those who fail are in the habit of attributing their failure to bad luck, to unfavorable circumstances, to the hostility of enemies, to everything except their own defects and shortcomings. Yet if we study our own lives impartially, we will have to admit that our failures are mostly due to our personal defects and seldom to external circumstances. The age-old doctrine is that if we are able to know our own merits and demerits we should be able to correct our defects. Self-confidence is essential for success â€Å"Self-trust†, said Emersion, â€Å"is the first secret of success†. We must have confidence in our capacity to triumph over all obstacles. Timidity and nervousness lead to hesitancy. Another quality that goes hand in hand with self-confidence is the possession of a strong will and determination. If we have will, we will find the way to do a thing. We must summon all our powers, physical and mental, and bring them to bear on the performance of a work. It there is this single-minded devotion, success is bound to come. Of course, success can come in those fields of life in which one’s aptitudes find sufficient scope and one’s ambition is related to one’s powers and parts. Therefore, we must know how to choose our vocation, according to our taste and temperament, our capability. We must have pleasure in our work. Often failures in life come through a mistaken choice of life’s vocation. If we are able to choose our career according to our natural inclinations, the chances of success are very bright. Another important quality is to know and seize an opportunity when it comes our way. If we let opportunity pass, another may not come for years. Man is the architect of his own destiny. A study of the lives of great men bears this out. Those who talk about destiny and the stare are only allowing external forces to get the better of us. The fact often is that most of us have not determination enough; the lives of most of us are full of hours spent in indolence, of opportunities wasted. Let us, therefore, if we want to succeed in life, fight with all our might against doctrines, which make us, lose self-confidence and destroy our initiative. It is no use trying for the impossible. ‘One must not hitch one’s wagon to a star.’ The impracticable is undesirable. Everything in the world is worth attempting, if it lies outside the reach of a man. Prevention is better than cure Outlines : It is an old saying which holds true in daily life. Tt means that we should prevent a disease by observing a simple rule of ‘hygiene instead of later on letting the disease spread and require loti of efforts for its cure. Prevention is always better than cure because i,t nips the trouble in the bud. This principle is highly useful in daily life and can save a lot of botheration vvhich.woukl , otherwise have to be faced. ‘A stitch in time saves nine’ is another saying which means more or less the same thing. Essay : ‘Prevention is better tnan cure† is a wise saying which ha^ comedown to us since ages. It holds true for ever. The wisdom of the saying lies in the fact that a little effort in the early pha^ of a problem helps to solve it before it becomes too difficult to be solved. This principle is always observed by wise people to succeed in life. Those who do not observe this principle usually suffer even if they are intelligent and hard-working. Observance of this principle becomes a part of one’s nature ; indifference to this principle also becomes a bad habit leading to uneasy consequences. If one sees symptoms of a disease, it is advisible to immediately go to the doctor, get it diagnosed and follow the treatment. Any negligence at the earlier stages of a disease leads to complications and deterioration. Going to the doctor at a late stage will not only mean more expense but may also endanger the life of the person. Prevention is, therefore, better than cure. Unclean stat e of affairs in one’s household can lead to many diseases. The members of one’s family can catch malaria or any other disease owing to the mosquitoes that multiply in an unclean place. Stagnant water, dirty latrines, unclean floors and dirty and stale food, over-ripe fruits and the like can cause so many diseases whose cure will cost a lot of botheration and money. It is better to remove all these unclean habits and prevent the occurrence of the disease. Prevention is better than cure again. If one is a student, it is better to study regularly. If one ignores one’s lessons in the early stages so as to work hard during the examination days, one is in for trouble. One’s early carelessness can cost one success in the examination. One should study tiie lessons regularly in keeping with the requirements of the class, under instructions of the teacher, if one wants to fare well in the examination. One should prevent failure than face the failure and try hard to overcome it. One may have to hire a costly tutor or lose one’s health—physical and mental—to recoup the lost time. Prevention is better than cure again. The principle also holds good in the matter of building good habits. If a person wants to develop good habits » he must lay a sound foundation for them. To keep to the morals and principles of good character, it is desirable to avoid bad habits of drinking, smoking, etc. Once† one starts on the wrong lines, there is no end to the dirty ways. It is always better to avoid dirty habits from early childhood. We should nip the evil in the bud from the very beginning. â€Å"MY GRANDPARENTS MY ROLE MODEL† Grandparents are an important part of every child’s life, because they can give valuable and positive directions. Their unconditional love, warm, and strong bond they had with their grand children helps to the growth of a child as it has on me. The habit of helping to look after one’s grandchildren is only present in members of the human race. No other known animal on the planet seems to have this particular trend. Strangely also, the tradition of grandparents playing an important role in the birth and upbringing of grand-children seems to be a universal trend among humans. All of us know grandparents as symbols of wisdom; they speak from experience and tell us how to go to where they have been. They may not be up to date in matters of science and other branches of knowledge but they would have been through the ‘school of hard knocks.’ It is grandparents who tell us that though money and other symbols of wealth are nice to have, the real values in life are of the non-material kind. They themselves had probably discovered this through a lifetime of pain and sorrow. It is very unfortunate today that, as part of the modern life-style, we are losing contacts with our grandparents. It is just not wise at all, but it is happening all around us, that after five million years of evolution, we are now discarding some of the most beautiful aspects of being a human. Pushing grand-parents out of the scene is one of them. Many of them are being exiled in old people’s homes, where being deprived of something useful to do and of being loved and wanted, they waste away to early ends. One can only hope and pray that the trend will be reversed, if not for the sake of our grand-parents for the sake of the wisdom they have to offer all of us.

Is punishment always the right solutions to stop crime? Essay

Punishments are meted out for three reasons – deterrence, retributivism, and incapacitation. The first, deterrence seeks to prevent future wrong doing. Retributivism is linked to notions of justice where crime must be met with an appropriate punishment. The last, incapacitation, seeks to protect society at large from criminals. This essay will examine whether punishment is always the right solution to stop crime, in light of the reasons for dishing out punishment to criminals. From the perspective of justice, punishment is the right solution to stop crime, as justice must be upheld in society. However, from a more pragmatic point of view, punishment may not always be the right way to stop crime as it is often ineffective. Instead of just meting out punishment, the right solutions should focus on educating and reforming the offenders as well as educating the general public for the sake of a better society in the future. Read more: Essays on crime Deterrence From a practical perspective, punishment is not always the right way to stop crime as its deterrence effect is limited. For the offenders, deterrence presents a threat of negative consequences to prevent offenders from engaging in criminal activity in the future; for the public, deterrence send a message to the general population to show that if one engages in criminal activity, there will be severe consequences. The assumption is that human beings are rational to weigh the benefits and loses of committing a crime. It might seem that the prospect of receiving a death sentence would deter murderers from committing such offences. However, many studies on deterrence and the death penalty do not support this idea. The deterrence theory is not always applicable to all the cases, especially for violent. This is because most of the time when the offenders commit violent crimes, their criminal intent overshadows their ability to think rationally of the consequences of their wrongful act. For instance, terrorists are willing to sacrifice their lives to commit the crime, so even the most severe punishment death penalty does not serve as a deterrence for them. Also, a recent study published in the Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology reported that 88% of the country’s top criminologists surveyed do not believe the death penalty acts  as a deterrent to homicide. These statistics all shows that the deterrence effect of the punishment cannot always erase people’s intent of committing crime. As long as offenders are willing to take the consequences, the deterrence effect does not work on them. In contrast, the alternative of civic education, can help erase people’s intent of committing the crime. Unlike the deterrence effect, it has an edifying effect. With implanting the right positive values, the potential offenders would learn how to find alternative methods to release their anger to someone or to distract themselves from committing the crime. In this way, their negative intent can be erased and result in stopping the crime. Therefore, in my opinion, the civic education is more effective than punishment and it should be right solutions to stop the crime. Retributivism While in many cases, punishment metes out the appropriate justices, this is not true in all the cases. Sometimes, punishment may be blind to the causes of the crime and the circumstances of the criminal. The result is that punishment is not always the right method to stop the crime. Retributivism is a form of justice, whereby when an offender breaks a law, they are required to forfeit something in return. It is based on the principle of lex talionis: â€Å"An eye for an eye, a life for a life†, which states that whatever crime carried out will be punished proportionally. Another purpose of retributivism is to bring the closure for the victims for a short term, however, this only brings short term benefits for victims. In the long run, the retributivism does not serve to solve the real problems of the offenders. There are many cases that criminals may be wrongfully accused and sentenced to death. Cases like Li Yan, a Chinese woman who killed her abusive husband after 4 months o f brutal domestic violence was sentenced to death. However, her action can be regarded as self-defense. Hence, Amnesty International East Asia has tried to call for a reversal of the sentence. The real problem behind this crime is the lack of protection of women from the domestic violence in China. However, the judgment only focused on how Li Yan should give her life for a life. The punishment actually fails to address the fundamental causes of crimes and fails to do true justice, given that the criminal has sympathetic circumstances. In many cases, offenders committing crimes may due to some reluctant difficulties or they need  survive in a harsh conditions. Therefore, instead of just meting out the punishment blindly, it is more important to ensure that true justice is done, such that criminals are not wrongfully convicted. This can be done by solving the social issues behind the crime and it is a more proper solution to stop the crime. Incapacitation Incarcerating dangerous people to get them off the street and remove them from society helps prevent future harm by these criminals. Imprisonment punishes people by removing their right to personal liberty. However, the incapacitation effect does not serve to educate and reform the offenders. Once the offenders are released from prison, they may easily commit the crime again. Jon Venables, 31, was released from jail just over 3 years ago, but was soon was sent back to prison for distributing child pornography. When he was ten years old, he served 8 years for killing two-year-old kid called James Bulger. James’s parents were furious with the decision to release such a danger person as they believe it is only a matter of time before he commits another crime against a child. There are many offenders like Jon Venables who always repeat the same crimes. This shows that incarcerating the offender is not able to reform him into a good person. Solutions should achieve the purpose of e ducating and reforming the offender on top of imposing a penalty for their wrong doings so as to stop him recommitting the crime. The incapacitation effect of the punishment clearly fails to serve this purpose. Many offenders start getting into their criminal habits since young. The lack of correction from their parents or school indulges their wrongfulness and results in the difficulties of reforming them after they are grown up. Therefore, punishment is not always the right solutions to stop crime as it does not change or reform offenders’ habits and concepts. Compare to civic education, it is clearly far more efficient for stop the crime as it help form the good habits and moral concepts in people. Moral education enlightens the general public’s sense of justice. Implanting positive values in youth is the best way to prevent crimes as foster the good characters and habits need to start cultivating from childhood. The punishment is essential for society to function. We sleep well at night because criminals are being locked up and punished, and victims feel that they have achieved redress for the wrong suffered. A  survey in 2005 shows that 95% of Singaporeans feel that death penalty should stay as it increases the sense of security. Hence, while it is true that sometimes criminals are wrongfully convicted, and that they may not be deterred or reformed, we do need a system of punishments in place due to our notion of justice. We cannot completely adopt an educational or rehabilitative approach. In conclusion, while punishments can be the right way to stop crimes (at least in terms of justice and how punishments are a reflection of the moral code of society), the effectiveness of punishments can be limited, hence perhaps it should be implemented in conjunction with other approaches.